Important Information
Warranty
The NI PXI-4224 is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment, as evidenced
by receipts or other documentation. National Instruments will, at its option, repair or replace equipment that proves to be defective during the
warranty period. This warranty includes parts and labor.
The media on which you receive National Instruments software are warranted not to fail to execute programming instructions, due to defects in
materials and workmanship, for a period of 90 days from date of shipment, as evidenced by receipts or other documentation. National Instruments
will, at its option, repair or replace software media that do not execute programming instructions if National Instruments receives notice of such defects
during the warranty period. National Instruments does not warrant that the operation of the software shall be uninterrupted or error free.
A Return Material Authorization (RMA) number must be obtained from the factory and clearly marked on the outside of the package before any
equipment will be accepted for warranty work. National Instruments will pay the shipping costs of returning to the owner parts which are covered by
warranty.
National Instruments believes that the information in this document is accurate. The document has been carefully reviewed for technical accuracy. In
the event that technical or typographical errors exist, National Instruments reserves the right to make changes to subsequent editions of this document
without prior notice to holders of this edition. The reader should consult National Instruments if errors are suspected. In no event shall National
Instruments be liable for any damages arising out of or related to this document or the information contained in it.
EXCEPT AS SPECIFIED HEREIN, NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTY OF
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failures caused by owner’s failure to follow the National Instruments installation, operation, or maintenance instructions; owner’s modification of the
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reasonable control.
Copyright
Under the copyright laws, this publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, storing in an information retrieval system, or translating, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of National
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National Instruments respects the intellectual property of others, and we ask our users to do the same. NI software is protected by copyright and other
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to reproduce materials that you may reproduce in accordance with the terms of any applicable license or other legal restriction.
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National Instruments, NI, ni.com, and LabVIEW are trademarks of National Instruments Corporation. Refer to the Terms of Use section
on ni.com/legalfor more information about National Instruments trademarks.
Other product and company names mentioned herein are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies.
Patents
For patents covering National Instruments products/technology, refer to the appropriate location: Help»Patents in your software,
the patents.txtfile on your media, or the National Instruments Patent Notice at ni.com/patents.
WARNING REGARDING USE OF NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTS
(1) NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED WITH COMPONENTS AND TESTING FOR A LEVEL OF
RELIABILITY SUITABLE FOR USE IN OR IN CONNECTION WITH SURGICAL IMPLANTS OR AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN
ANY LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS WHOSE FAILURE TO PERFORM CAN REASONABLY BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE SIGNIFICANT
INJURY TO A HUMAN.
(2) IN ANY APPLICATION, INCLUDING THE ABOVE, RELIABILITY OF OPERATION OF THE SOFTWARE PRODUCTS CAN BE
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COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS, MALFUNCTIONS OR FAILURES OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING OR CONTROL DEVICES,
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COLLECTIVELY TERMED “SYSTEM FAILURES”). ANY APPLICATION WHERE A SYSTEM FAILURE WOULD CREATE A RISK OF
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UPON ONE FORM OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DUE TO THE RISK OF SYSTEM FAILURE. TO AVOID DAMAGE, INJURY, OR DEATH,
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Conventions
The following conventions are used in this manual:
<>
Angle brackets that contain numbers separated by an ellipsis represent a
range of values associated with a bit or signal name—for example,
AO <3..0>.
»
The » symbol leads you through nested menu items and dialog box options
to a final action. The sequence File»Page Setup»Options directs you to
pull down the File menu, select the Page Setup item, and select Options
from the last dialog box.
This icon denotes a note, which alerts you to important information.
This icon denotes a caution, which advises you of precautions to take to
avoid injury, data loss, or a system crash. When this symbol is marked on
the product, refer to the Read Me First: Safety and Radio-Frequency
Interference document, shipped with the product, for precautions to take.
When symbol is marked on a product it denotes a warning advising you to
take precautions to avoid electrical shock.
When symbol is marked on a product it denotes a component that may be
hot. Touching this component may result in bodily injury.
bold
Bold text denotes items that you must select or click in the software, such
as menu items and dialog box options. Bold text also denotes parameter
names.
italic
Italic text denotes variables, emphasis, a cross-reference, hardware labels,
or an introduction to a key concept. Italic text also denotes text that is a
placeholder for a word or value that you must supply.
monospace
Text in this font denotes text or characters that you should enter from the
keyboard, sections of code, programming examples, and syntax examples.
This font is also used for the proper names of disk drives, paths, directories,
programs, subprograms, subroutines, device names, functions, operations,
variables, filenames and extensions, and code excerpts.
Chapter 1
What You Need to Get Started ......................................................................................1-2
Installing the Application Software, NI-DAQ, and the DAQ Device ...........................1-3
Chapter 2
Connecting Signals to the NI PXI-4224 ........................................................................2-1
Front Signal Connector....................................................................................2-1
Analog Input Connections...............................................................................2-3
Ground-Referenced Signal Connection ............................................2-12
Chapter 3
Configuring and Testing
Verifying and Self-Testing the Signals Using Test Panels............................................3-1
Configuring the NI PXI-4224 in MAX..........................................................................3-2
Chapter 4
Input Impedance................................................................................4-3
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio .......................................................4-4
Effective CMR ..................................................................................4-5
Timing and Control Functional Overview ......................................................4-5
Programmable Function Inputs .......................................................................4-6
Device and PXI Clocks ...................................................................................4-7
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Contents
Chapter 5
Synchronizing the NI PXI-4224 Using LabVIEW........................... 5-10
Other Application Documentation and Material........................................................... 5-11
Loading Calibration Constants........................................................................ 5-12
Self-Calibration............................................................................................... 5-12
External Calibration ........................................................................................ 5-13
Appendix A
Specifications
Appendix B
Timing Signal Information
Appendix C
Common Questions
Glossary
Index
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Contents
Figures
Figure 2-1.
NI PXI-4224 Front Label ......................................................................2-3
Figure 2-2.
Figure 2-3.
Figure 2-4.
Figure 2-5.
Figure 2-6.
Figure 2-7.
Figure 2-8.
Figure 2-9.
Unshielded Floating Signal Source Connection
Using a D-SUB Connector....................................................................2-4
Unshielded Grounded Signal Source Connection
Using a D-SUB Connector....................................................................2-5
Shielded Floating Signal Source Connection
Using a D-SUB Connector....................................................................2-6
Shielded Grounded Signal Source Connection
Using a D-SUB Connector....................................................................2-7
Unshielded Floating Signal Source Connection
Using a Terminal Block ........................................................................2-8
Unshielded Grounded Signal Source Connection
Using a Terminal Block ........................................................................2-9
Shielded Floating Signal Source Connection
Using a Terminal Block ........................................................................2-10
Shielded Grounded Signal Source Connection
Using a Terminal Block ........................................................................2-11
Figure 4-1.
Figure 4-2.
Figure 4-3.
Figure 4-4.
Block Diagram of NI PXI-4224 ............................................................4-2
Effect of Input Impedance on Signal Measurements ............................4-4
AI CONV CLK Signal Routing ............................................................4-6
NI PXI-4224 PXI Trigger Bus Signal Connection................................4-8
Figure 5-1.
Figure 5-2.
Typical Program Flowchart...................................................................5-2
General Synchronizing Flowchart.........................................................5-9
Figure A-1. PXI-4224 Dimensions...........................................................................A-4
Figure B-1.
Figure B-2.
Figure B-3.
Figure B-4.
Figure B-5.
Figure B-6.
Figure B-7.
Figure B-8.
Figure B-9.
Typical Posttriggered Sequence ............................................................B-2
Typical Pretriggered Sequence..............................................................B-2
AI START TRIG Input Signal Timing .................................................B-3
AI START TRIG Output Signal Timing...............................................B-3
AI REF TRIG Input Signal Timing.......................................................B-4
AI REF TRIG Output Signal Timing....................................................B-5
AI SAMP CLK Input Signal Timing ....................................................B-6
AI SAMP CLK Output Signal Timing..................................................B-6
AI CONV CLK Input Signal Timing....................................................B-7
Figure B-10. AI CONV CLK Output Signal Timing .................................................B-8
Figure B-11. AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE Signal Timing....................................B-9
Figure C-1.
Injector/Ejector Handle Position Before Device Removal....................C-2
© National Instruments Corporation
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Contents
Tables
Table 2-1.
NI PXI-4224 25-Pin D-SUB Terminal Pin Assignments ..................... 2-2
Table 4-1.
Table 4-2.
Signal Conditioning Functional Blocks................................................ 4-3
PXI Trigger Bus Timing Signals .......................................................... 4-9
Table 5-1.
Table 5-2.
Table 5-3.
NI-DAQmx Properties.......................................................................... 5-4
Programming a Task in LabVIEW ....................................................... 5-6
Synchronizing the NI PXI-4224 Using LabVIEW ............................... 5-10
Table A-1.
Maximum Sampling Rates.................................................................... A-1
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1
About the NI PXI-4224
This chapter provides an introduction to the NI PXI-4224 device and its
installation.
The NI PXI-4224 is part of the NI PXI-4200 series of data acquisition
(DAQ) devices with integrated signal conditioning. The PXI-4200 series
reduces measurement setup and configuration complexity by integrating
signal conditioning and DAQ on the same product.
The NI PXI-4224 is an 8-channel isolated analog input device with a 10 V
input range. It allows isolated analog measurements directly on the PXI
platform.
The NI PXI-4224 has the following characteristics:
•
•
•
Each channel has a gain of either 1 or 10.
An isolation rating of 42.4 Vpeak or 60 VDC, Category I.
The front connector is a 25-pin D-SUB connector, with 16 pins for
analog input.
Signal connections are made through a TB-2725 terminal block that
provides connections for all eight analog input channels. You can
optionally connect a standard 25-pin D-SUB cable to the device and cable
it as needed for your application.
Note Go to ni.com/productsto determine if newly developed terminal blocks are
available.
You can configure most settings on a per-channel basis through software.
The NI PXI-4224 is configured using Measurement & Automation
Explorer (MAX) or through function calls to NI-DAQmx.
Note The NI PXI-4224 is supported in NI-DAQmx only.
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Chapter 1
About the NI PXI-4224
What You Need to Get Started
To set up and use the NI PXI-4224, you need the following:
❑ Hardware
–
–
NI PXI-4224
One of the following:
•
•
TB-2725 terminal block
25-pin D-SUB female connector
–
PXI or PXI/SCXI combination chassis
❑ Software
–
–
NI-DAQ 7.3.1 or later
One of the following:
•
•
•
LabVIEW
Measurement Studio
LabWindows™/CVI™
❑ Documentation
–
–
–
–
–
NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Read Me First: Safety and Radio-Frequency Interference
DAQ Getting Started Guide
PXI or PXI/SCXI combination chassis user manual
Documentation for your software
❑ Tools
–
1/8 in. flathead screwdriver
You can download NI documents from ni.com/manuals.
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Chapter 1
About the NI PXI-4224
National Instruments Documentation
The NI PXI-4224 User Manual is one piece of the documentation set for
your DAQ system. You could have any of several types of manuals
depending on the hardware and software in your system. Use the manuals
you have as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
DAQ Getting Started Guide—This document describes how to install
NI-DAQ devices and NI-DAQ. Install NI-DAQmx before you install
the SCXI module.
SCXI Quick Start Guide—This document describes how to set up an
SCXI chassis, install SCXI modules and terminal blocks, and
configure the SCXI system in MAX.
PXI or PXI/SCXI combination chassis manual—Read this manual for
maintenance information about the chassis and for installation
instructions.
Accessory installation guides or manuals—If you are using accessory
products, read the terminal block installation guides. They explain how
to physically connect the relevant pieces of the system.
Software documentation—You may have both application software
and NI-DAQmx software documentation. NI application software
includes LabVIEW, Measurement Studio, and LabWindows/CVI.
After you set up the hardware system, use either your application
software documentation or the NI-DAQmx documentation to help you
write your application. If you have a large, complicated system, it is
worthwhile to look through the software documentation before you
configure the hardware.
Installing the Application Software, NI-DAQ,
and the DAQ Device
Refer to the DAQ Getting Started Guide, packaged with the NI-DAQ
software, for instructions for installing your application software, NI-DAQ
driver software, and the DAQ device to which you will connect the
NI PXI-4224.
NI-DAQ 7.3.1 or later is required to configure and program the
NI PXI-4224 device. If you do not have NI-DAQ 7.3.1 or later, you can
either contact an NI sales representative to request it on a CD or download
it from ni.com.
© National Instruments Corporation
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Chapter 1
About the NI PXI-4224
Installing the NI PXI-4224
Note Refer to the Read Me First: Radio-Frequency Interference document before
removing equipment covers or connecting or disconnecting any signal wires.
Refer to the DAQ Getting Started Guide to unpack, install, and configure
the NI PXI-4224 in a PXI chassis, and then to the SCXI Quick Start Guide
if you are using a PXI/SCXI combination chassis.
LED Pattern Descriptions
The following LEDs on the NI PXI-4224 front panel confirm the system is
functioning properly:
•
The ACCESS LED is normally green and blinks yellow for a minimum
of 100 ms during the NI PXI-4224 configuration.
•
The ACTIVE LED is normally green and blinks yellow for a minimum
of 100 ms during data acquisition.
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2
Connecting Signals
This chapter provides details about the front signal connector of the
NI PXI-4224 and how to connect signals to the NI PXI-4224.
Connecting Signals to the NI PXI-4224
After you have verified that the NI PXI-4224 is installed correctly and
self-tested the device, refer to the following sections to connect signals to
the device.
Caution Refer to the Read Me First: Safety and Radio-Frequency Interference document
Front Signal Connector
The NI PXI-4224 connection interface consists of a 25-pin D-SUB
connector and one SMB connector. You can program SMB connector
as a PFI 0 line or for external calibration. Table 2-1 shows the signal
assignments of the D-SUB connector for the NI PXI-4224. Figure 2-1
shows the front label, with each set of screw terminals labeled according
To connect a signal to the NI PXI-4224, use a TB-2725 terminal block
designed specifically for the NI-PXI-4224, or use a 25-pin D-SUB to build
a connector to suit your application. Refer to the TB-2725 Terminal Block
Installation Guide if you are using the TB-2725 terminal block. Use
Table 2-1 to make the signal connections if you are constructing a
connector using a 25-pin D-SUB connector.
Connect a timing or triggering signal to the PFI 0/CAL SMB connector
using a cable with an SMB signal connector.
© National Instruments Corporation
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Chapter 2
Connecting Signals
Caution The PFI 0/CAL SMB connector is for low-voltage timing and calibration signals
only. Voltages greater than 15 V can damage the device.
If you are building a 25-pin D-SUB connector for your application, make sure you use a
connector and wires that are safety rated for the voltage and category of the signals in your
application.
Table 2-1. NI PXI-4224 25-Pin D-SUB Terminal Pin Assignments
Front Connector
Diagram
Pin Number
Signal Names
AI 0 –
Pin Number
Signal Names
AI 0 +
AI 1 +
AI 2 +
AI 3 +
AI 4 +
AI 5 +
AI 6 +
AI 7 +
No Pin
D GND
MISO
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
N/A
1
2
AI 1 –
AI 2 –
3
AI 3 –
4
AI 4 –
5
AI 5 –
6
AI 6 –
7
AI 7 –
8
No Pin
NC*
9
10
11
12
13
SPI CLK
SELECT
N/A
MOSI
+5 V
*
NC—No Connection
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Chapter 2
Connecting Signals
NI PXI-4224
8 Chan Isolation Amp
1
ACCESS
ACTIVE
PFI 0/
CAL
2
3
1
2
ACCESS and ACTIVE LEDs
SMB PFI 0/CAL Connector
3
25-Pin D-SUB or TB-2725 Terminal
Block Connector
Figure 2-1. NI PXI-4224 Front Label
Analog Input Connections
The following sections provide a definition of the signal source
characteristics, descriptions of various ways to connect signals to the
NI PXI-4224, and electrical diagrams showing the signal source and
connections. Whenever possible, use shielded twisted-pair field wiring
and grounding to reduce the effects of unwanted noise sources.
© National Instruments Corporation
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Chapter 2
Connecting Signals
In the electrical diagrams, two different ground symbols are used. These
symbols indicate that you cannot assume that the indicated grounds are at
the same potential. Refer to Appendix A, Specifications, for maximum
working voltage specifications.
You can make signal connections to the NI PXI-4224 through either an
NI terminal block, such as the TB-2725, or you can build a connector using
a 25-pin D-SUB.
Caution If you are building a 25-pin D-SUB connector for your application, make sure
you use a connector and signal wires that are safety rated for the voltage and category of
the signals in your application.
Figures 2-2 through 2-5 illustrate connecting signals using a D-SUB
connector.
Signal Source
CH 0
Twisted-Pair
Wiring
AI 0 +
AI 0 –
+
–
VSIG
CH 7
AI 7 +
AI 7 –
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Chapter 2
Connecting Signals
Figures 2-6 through 2-9 illustrate connecting signals using a terminal
block.
Terminal Block
Signal Source
CH 0
Twisted-Pair
Wiring
AI 0 +
AI 0 –
+
VSIG
–
CH 7
AI 7 +
AI 7 –
Figure 2-6. Unshielded Floating Signal Source Connection Using a Terminal Block
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Chapter 2
Connecting Signals
Twisted-Pair
Shielding
Terminal Block
Wiring
Signal Source
CH 0
AI 0 +
AI 0 –
+
VSIG
–
VSIG Ground
Reference
CH 7
AI 7 +
AI 7 –
Figure 2-9. Shielded Grounded Signal Source Connection Using a Terminal Block
Floating Signal Source Connection
Figures 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, and 2-8 illustrate floating signal source connections.
In this configuration, the signal source being measured is a floating signal
source, such as a battery. A floating signal source is not connected in
any way to the building ground system.
To connect a floating signal source connection to the NI PXI-4224, the
signal (VSIG+) is connected to the NI PXI-4224 channel (AI X +). The
signal reference (VSIG–) is connected to the channel reference (AI X –).
© National Instruments Corporation
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Chapter 2
Connecting Signals
Ground-Referenced Signal Connection
Figures 2-3, 2-5, 2-7, and 2-9 illustrate the ground-referenced signal
connection. In this configuration, the voltage source being measured is
referenced to its own ground reference that is connected through a
conductive path to the instrument ground reference. For example, the path
can be through a common earth ground or through the power line ground.
To connect a ground-reference signal source to the NI PXI-4224, the signal
reference (VSIG–) is connected to the channel reference (AI X –).
Shielded Ground-Referenced Signal Connection
(Recommended)
Figures 2-5 and 2-9 illustrate shielded ground-referenced signal
connections. The connection to this signal source is identical to the
ground-referenced signal connection with the addition of shielding
around the field wiring. The shielding is grounded at the signal source
ground (VSIG Ground Reference). Connect the signal (VSIG+) to the
NI PXI-4224 channel (AI X +). Connect the signal reference (VSIG–) to the
channel reference (AI X –).
This shielding scheme is effective at reducing capacitive or electrically
coupled noise. The same concerns regarding the difference in ground
potentials, discussed in the Ground-Referenced Signal Connection section,
also apply to this configuration.
For more information about the function of the NI PXI-4224 and other
measurement considerations, refer to Chapter 4, Theory of Operation.
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3
Configuring and Testing
This chapter provides details about configuring and testing the
NI PXI-4224 in MAX, including how to use device test panels and create
and configure NI-DAQmx Tasks and NI-DAQmx Global Channels.
Verifying and Self-Testing the Signals Using Test Panels
After you have successfully installed the NI PXI-4224, verified the
installation, and connected the signals, use the NI PXI-4224 device test
panels to verify the device is measuring signals properly.
The test panels allow you to measure the signal connected to the
NI PXI-4224 directly as well as configure some of the properties of your
measurement. To open the NI PXI-4224 device test panels when in MAX,
complete the following steps:
1. Expand Devices and Interfaces to display the list of devices and
interfaces.
2. Expand NI-DAQmx Devices to display the list of NI-DAQmx devices.
3. Click PXI-4224.
4. Click the Test Panels button in the device toolbar.
5. Configure the settings on the screen, and click Start to take a
measurement.
To measure scaled voltages, further configure channel properties, and
configure timing settings, use an NI-DAQmx Task or NI-DAQmx Global
Channel.
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Chapter 3
Configuring and Testing
Configuring the NI PXI-4224 in MAX
This section describes how to create NI-DAQmx Tasks and NI-DAQmx
Global Channels in MAX that allow you to take measurements with the
NI PXI-4224.
Creating a Voltage Task or Global Channel Using NI-DAQmx
An NI-DAQmx Global Channel gives a physical channel a name and
provides scaling. An NI-DAQmx Task is a collection of channels with
timing and triggering configured. To create a new NI-DAQmx Task or
NI-DAQmx Global Channel, complete the following steps:
1. Double-click the Measurement & Automation Explorer icon on the
desktop.
2. Right-click Data Neighborhood and select Create New.
3. Select NI-DAQmx Task or NI-DAQmx Global Channel and
click Next.
4. Select Analog Input and select Voltage.
5. If you are creating a channel, you can select only one channel. If you
are creating a task, select the channels to add to the task. You can select
a range of channels by holding down the <Shift> key while selecting
the channels. You can select multiple individual channels by holding
down the <Ctrl> key while selecting channels. Click Next.
6. Enter the name of the task or channel, and click Finish.
7. Select the channel(s) you want to configure for input voltage range.
While making the selections you can select blocks of channels by
<Ctrl> key.
8. Under the Settings tab, set the input range by entering the Min and
Max values.
9. Click the Device tab and select the Autozero mode.
10. Repeat steps 7 through 9 until you have configured all the channels.
Note For more information about how to further configure the NI PXI-4224, or how to use
LabVIEW to configure the device and take measurements, refer to Chapter 4, Theory of
Operation.
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Chapter 3
Configuring and Testing
Verifying and Self-Testing an NI-DAQmx Task or Global Channel
After you have created an analog input voltage NI-DAQmx Task or
NI-DAQmx Global Channel, verify the NI-DAQmx Task or NI-DAQmx
Global Channel signal and functionality using the Test button in the
toolbar:
1. If you created an NI-DAQmx Task, set the timing and triggering
settings you wish to use in the test in the Task Timing and Task
Triggering tabs.
2. Click the Test button to open the test panel and take a measurement.
You have now verified the NI PXI-4224 configuration and signal
connection.
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Chapter 4
Theory of Operation
Signal Conditioning Functional Overview
The NI PXI-4224 is part of the PXI-4200 series of DAQ devices with
integrated signal conditioning designed to provide application-specific
signal conditioning, DAQ, and integrated field wiring connectivity on the
same product. The NI PXI-4224 signal conditioning circuitry is designed
to provide attenuation, amplification, and filtering capabilities as described
in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1. Signal Conditioning Functional Blocks
Signal Conditioning Component
Description
Input Protection
Each NI PXI-4224 channel has overvoltage protection in the
event that a channel is improperly wired.
PGA
Each channel has a programmable gain amplifier. The
available gains on the NI PXI-4224 are 1 and 10, which
covers the input range of 1 V to 10 V. The DAQ device can
provide a gain of up to 200 in order to maximize the ADC
resolution for signals below 1 V.
Isolation Amplifier
Post Filter
Each channel has an isolation amplifier that creates true
channel-to-channel isolation.
A post filter is provided to clean up noise spikes created by
the isolation amplifier.
Measurement Considerations
made to the NI PXI-4224 and important factors that can affect your
measurement.
Input Impedance
Figure 4-2 illustrates the input impedance of an NI PXI-4224 and its effect
on the measurement of a circuit under test. If you know the source
impedance of the circuit under test, you can correct for the attenuation
caused by the NI PXI-4224 in software. Since RIN is relatively large
(1 GΩ), it requires a large source impedance, RS, to cause a significant
change in the measured voltage, VMEAS. In general, a source impedance of
less than 200 kΩ does not interfere with the accuracy of the measurement.
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Signal Source
Source
Impedance
RS
+
CIN
Measured
Voltage
VMEAS
+
–
Input
Impedance
VSIG
RIN
100
pF
–
Figure 4-2. Effect of Input Impedance on Signal Measurements
Although RS does not influence DC measurements, take care when
measuring AC signals since CIN attenuates higher frequencies if RS is too
large. For example:
VSIGRIN
VMEAS = --------------------
RS + RIN
1
Bandwidth = ---------------------
2πRSCIN
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
The ability of a measurement device to reject voltages that are common to
both input terminals is referred to as the common-mode rejection ratio
(CMRR). The CMMR is usually stated in decibels at a given frequency or
over a given frequency band of interest. Common-mode signals can arise
from a variety of sources and can be induced through conductive or
radiated means. One of the most common sources of common-mode
interference is 50 or 60 Hz powerline noise.
The minimum NI PXI-4224 CMRR is 140 dB, which results in a reduction
of CMV by a factor of 10,000,000.
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Effective CMR
When the frequency of a common-mode signal is known and outside of the
measurement frequency band of interest, you can use an analog or digital
filter, or both, to further reduce the residual error left from the finite CMRR
of the instrument. The combined CMR of the instrument and the filter
attenuation results in an effective CMR. When expressed in decibels, the
effective CMR is equal to the sum of the CMRR and the attenuation due to
the filter at a specified frequency.
Timing and Control Functional Overview
The NI PXI-4224 is based on the NI E Series DAQ device architecture.
This architecture uses the NI data acquisition system timing controller
(DAQ-STC) for time-related functions. The DAQ-STC consists of
two timing groups that control AI and general-purpose counter/timer
functions. These groups include a total of seven 24-bit and three 16-bit
counters and a maximum timing resolution of 50 ns. The DAQ-STC makes
possible applications such as equivalent time sampling, and seamless
changing of the sampling rate.
The NI PXI-4224 uses the PXI trigger bus to easily synchronize several
measurement functions to a common trigger or timing event. The PXI
trigger bus is connected through the rear signal connector to the
PXI chassis backplane. The DAQ-STC provides a flexible interface for
connecting timing signals to other devices or external circuitry. The
NI PXI-4224 uses the PXI trigger bus to interconnect timing signals
between PXI devices, and the programmable function input (PFI) pin on
the front SMB connector to connect the device to external circuitry. These
controlled by other devices and circuits.
The DAQ-STC has internal timing signals you can control by an external
source. These timing signals also can be controlled by signals internally
generated to the DAQ-STC, and these signals are software configurable.
Figure 4-3 shows an example of the signal routing multiplexer controlling
the AI CONVERT CLOCK signal.
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PXI Trigger<0..5>
AI CONV CLK
PXI Star
PFI 0
Ctr 0 Internal Output
Figure 4-3. AI CONV CLK Signal Routing
Figure 4-3 shows that AI CONV CLK can be generated from a number of
sources, such as the external signals PFI 0, PXI_Trig<0..5>, and PXI_Star,
and the Ctr 0 Internal Output.
Programmable Function Inputs
PFI 0 is connected to the front SMB connector of the NI PXI-4224.
Software can select PFI 0 as the external source for a given timing signal.
Any timing signal can use the PFI 0 pin as an input, and multiple timing
signals can simultaneously use the same PFI. This flexible routing scheme
reduces the need to change physical connections to the I/O connector for
different applications. Refer to Table 4-2 for information regarding the
available PFI 0 signals.
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Device and PXI Clocks
Many functions performed by the NI PXI-4224 require a frequency
timebase to generate the necessary timing signals for controlling
A/D conversions, digital-to-analog converter (DAC) updates, or
general-purpose signals at the I/O connector.
The NI PXI-4224 can use either its internal 20 MHz master timebase or a
timebase received over the PXI trigger bus on the PXI clock line. These
timebases are software configurable. If you configure the device to use the
internal timebase, you can program the device to drive its internal timebase
over the PXI trigger bus to another device programmed to receive this
timebase signal. This clock source, whether local or from the PXI trigger
bus, is used directly by the device as the primary frequency source. The
default configuration is to use the internal timebase without driving the PXI
trigger bus timebase signal. The NI PXI-4224 can use the PXI_Trig<7>
line to synchronize MasterTimebasewith other devices.
For the NI PXI-4224, PXI Trig<0..5>, and PXI_Star, connect through the
NI PXI-4224 backplane. The PXI Star Trigger line allows the NI PXI-4224
to receive triggers from any Star Trigger controller plugged into slot 2 of
the chassis. For more information about the Star Trigger, refer to the
PXI Hardware Specification, Revision 2.1 and PXI Software Specification,
Revision 2.1.
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Figure 4-4 shows this signal connection scheme.
DAQ-STC
AI START TRIG
AI REF TRIG
PXI Trigger<0..5>
AI CONV CLK
AI SAMP CLK
PXI Star
AI PAUSE TRIG
AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE
PXI Trigger<7>
Switch
Master Timebase
Figure 4-4. NI PXI-4224 PXI Trigger Bus Signal Connection
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Table 4-2 provides more information about each of the timing signals
available on the PXI trigger bus. For more detailed timing signal
information, refer to Appendix B, Timing Signal Information.
Table 4-2. PXI Trigger Bus Timing Signals
Availability Availability
on PFI 0
SMB
on PXI
Trigger Bus
Signal
Direction
Description
AI START TRIG
Input
This trigger is the source for the
analog input digital start trigger,
which is the trigger that begins
an acquisition.
Input
Input
Output
Input
This trigger sends out the actual
analog input start trigger.
Output
Input
Output
Input
AI PAUSE TRIG
This signal can pause and resume
acquisition.
AI SAMPLE CLK
TIMEBASE
Input
This timebase provides the master
clock from which the sample
clocks are derived.
Input
Input
AI HOLD
COMPLETE
Output
This signal is output when the
analog signal to be converted by
the ADC has been held.
Not
available
Not
available
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Using the NI PXI-4224
This chapter describes how to program the NI PXI-4224, using
DAQ Assistant or LabVIEW, and how to calibrate the device.
Developing Your Application
use the NI PXI-4224. For more information about a particular software or
programming process, refer to your ADE documentation.
Figure 5-1 shows a typical program flow chart for creating an AI voltage
channel, taking a measurement, and clearing the data.
Note For more information about creating tasks and channels in MAX, refer to Chapter 3,
Configuring and Testing.
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Yes
No
Create Task Using
DAQ Assistant?
Create Task in
Create a Task
DAQ Assistant or MAX
Programmatically
Create AI Voltage Channel
No
Further Configure
Channels?
Hardware
Timing/Triggering?
No
Yes
Configure Channels
Yes
Adjust Timing Settings
Start Measurement
Yes
Analyze Data?
Read Measurement
Process
Data
No
Yes
Display Data?
Graphical
Display Tools
No
Yes
Continue Sampling?
No
Stop Measurement
Clear Task
Figure 5-1. Typical Program Flowchart
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Overview of Typical Flow Chart
The following sections briefly discuss some considerations for some of the
steps in Figure 5-1. These sections are meant to provide an overview of
some of the options and features available when programming with
NI-DAQmx.
Creating a Task Using DAQ Assistant or
Programmatically
When creating an application, you must first decide whether to create the
task using the DAQ Assistant or programmatically in the ADE.
Developing your application using NI-DAQmx allows you to configure
most settings such as measurement type, selection of channels, input limits,
task timing, and task triggering using the DAQ Assistant tool. You can
access the DAQ Assistant either through MAX or through your NI ADE.
Choosing to use the DAQ Assistant can simplify the development of your
application. When using a sensor that requires complex scaling, or when
many properties differ between channels in the same task, NI recommends
creating tasks using the DAQ Assistant for ease of use.
If you are using an ADE other than an NI ADE, or if you want to explicitly
create and configure a task for a certain type of acquisition, you can
programmatically create the task from your ADE using function or VI calls.
If you create a task using the DAQ Assistant, you can still further configure
the individual properties of the task programmatically using function calls
or property nodes in your ADE. NI recommends creating a task
programmatically if you need explicit control of programmatically
adjustable properties of the DAQ system. Programmatically creating tasks
is also recommended if you are synchronizing multiple devices using
master and slave tasks.
Programmatically adjusting properties for a task created in the DAQ
Assistant overrides the original settings only for that session. The changes
are not saved to the task configuration. The next time you load the task, the
task uses the settings originally configured in the DAQ Assistant.
Adjusting Timing and Triggering
There are several timing properties that you can configure either through
the DAQ Assistant or programmatically using function calls or property
nodes in your application. If you create a task in the DAQ Assistant, you
still can modify the timing properties of the task programmatically in your
application.
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When programmatically adjusting timing settings, you can set the task to
acquire continuously, acquire a buffer of samples, or acquire one point at a
time. For continuous and buffered acquisitions, you can set the acquisition
rate and the number of samples to read. By default, the clock settings are
automatically set by an internal clock based on the requested sample rate.
You also can select advanced features such as clock settings that specify an
external clock source, the internal routing of the clock source, or that select
start the acquisition using a start trigger signal.
Configuring Channel Properties
All of the different ADEs used to configure the NI PXI-4224 access an
underlying set of NI-DAQmx properties. Table 5-1 lists of some of the
properties that configure the NI PXI-4224. You can use this list to
determine which properties you need to set to configure the device for your
application. If you created the task and channels using the DAQ Assistant,
you can still modify the channel properties programmatically. For a
complete list of NI-DAQmx properties, refer to your ADE help file.
Table 5-1. NI-DAQmx Properties
Property
Short Name
Description
Analog Input»
AI.Coupling
DC—Allows NI-DAQmx to measure the
input signal.
General Properties»
Input Configuration»
Coupling Property
GND—Removes the signal source from the
measurement and measures only ground.
Analog Input»
General Properties»
Gain
AI.Gain
Specifies the gain of the isolation amplifier.
For the NI PXI-4224 you can specify
1 or 10.
Analog Input»General
Properties»Advanced»
High Accuracy Settings»
Auto Zero Mode
AI.AutoZeroMode
Specifies when to measure ground.
NI-DAQmx subtracts the measured ground
voltage from every sample.
Note Table 5-1 is a representative sample of important properties you can adjust in analog
input measurements with the NI PXI-4224. It is not a complete list of NI-DAQmx
properties and does not include every property you may need to configure the device. For a
complete list of NI-DAQmx properties and more information about NI-DAQmx properties,
refer to your ADE help file.
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Acquiring, Analyzing, and Presenting
After configuring the task and channels, you can start your acquisition, read
measurements, analyze the data returned, and display it according to the
needs of your application. Typical methods of analysis include digital
filtering, averaging data, performing harmonic analysis, applying a custom
scale, or adjusting measurements mathematically.
NI provides powerful analysis toolsets for each NI ADE to assist
non-programmers in performing advanced data analysis. After you acquire
the data and perform any required analysis, it is useful to display the data
in a graphical form or log it to a file. NI ADEs provide easy-to-use tools for
graphical display, such as charts, graphs, slide rules, and gauge indicators.
NI ADEs have tools that allow you to save the data to files such as
spreadsheets for easy viewing, ASCII files for universality, or binary files
for smaller file sizes.
Completing the Application
After you have completed the measurement, analysis, and presentation of
the data, it is important to stop and clear the task. This releases any memory
used by the task and frees up the DAQ hardware for use in another task.
Developing an Application Using LabVIEW
This section describes in more detail the steps shown in Figure 5-1, such as
how to create a task in LabVIEW and configure the channels of the
NI PXI-4224. For further instructions, select Help»VI, Function, &
How-To Help from the LabVIEW menu bar.
Note Except where otherwise stated, the VIs in Table 5-2 are located on the Functions»
All Functions»NI Measurements»DAQmx - Data Acquisition subpalette and
accompanying subpalettes in LabVIEW.
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Table 5-2. Programming a Task in LabVIEW
VI or Program Step
Flowchart Step
Create Task in DAQ Assistant
Create a DAQmx Task Name Constantlocated on the
Controls»All Controls»I/O»DAQmx Name Controls
subpalette, right-click it, and select New Task (DAQ
Assistant).
Create a Task
Programmatically
(optional)
DAQmx Create Task.vilocated on Functions»
All Functions»NI Measurements»DAQmx - Data
Acquisition»DAQmx Advanced Task Options—This VI is
optional if you created and configured your task using the DAQ
Assistant. However, if you use it in LabVIEW any changes you
make to the task will not be saved to a task in MAX.
Create AI Voltage Channel
(optional)
DAQmx Create Virtual Channel.vi(AI Voltage by
default)—This VI is optional if you created and configured
your task and channels using the DAQ Assistant.
Adjust Timing Settings
(optional)
DAQmx Timing.vi(Sample Clock by default)—This VI is
optional if you created and configured your task using the DAQ
Assistant.
Configure Channels
(optional)
DAQmx Channel Property Node—Refer to the Using a DAQmx
Channel Property Node in LabVIEW section for more
information. This step is optional if you created and fully
configured the channels in your task using the DAQ Assistant.
Start Measurement
Read Measurement
Analyze Data
DAQmx Start Task.vi
DAQmx Read.vi
Some examples of data analysis include filtering, scaling,
harmonic analysis, or level checking. Some data analysis tools
are located on the Functions»Signal Analysis subpalette and on
the Functions»All Functions»Analyze subpalette.
Display Data
You can use graphical tools such as charts, gauges, and graphs
to display your data. Some display tools are located on the
Controls»Numeric Indicators subpalette and Controls»
All Controls»Graph subpalette.
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Table 5-2. Programming a Task in LabVIEW (Continued)
VI or Program Step
Flowchart Step
Continue Sampling
For continuous sampling, use a While Loop. If you are using
hardware timing, you also need to set the DAQmx Timing.vi
sample mode to Continuous Samples. To set the VI, right-click
the terminal of the DAQmx Timing.vilabeled sample mode
and click Create»Constant. Click the box and select
Continuous Samples.
Stop Measurement
Clear Task
DAQmx Stop Task.vi—This VI is optional. Clearing the task
will automatically stop the task.
DAQmx Clear Task.vi
Using a DAQmx Channel Property Node in LabVIEW
You can use property nodes in LabVIEW to manually configure your
channels. To create a LabVIEW property node, complete the following
steps:
1. Launch LabVIEW.
2. You can create the property node in a new VI or in an existing VI.
3. Open the block diagram view.
4. From the Functions toolbox, select All Functions»
NI Measurements»DAQmx - Data Acquisition, and select
DAQmxChannelPropertyNode.
5. Left-click inside the Property box and select Active Channels. This
allows you to specify exactly what channel(s) you want to configure.
If you want to configure several channels with different properties,
separate the lists of properties with another Active Channels box, and
assign the appropriate channel to each list of properties.
Note If you do not use Active Channels, the properties will be set on all of the channels
in the task.
6. Right-click ActiveChan and select Add Element. Left-click the new
ActiveChan. Navigate through the menus and select the property you
wish to define.
or write a new value. Right-click the property, go to Change To, and
select Write, Read, or Default Value.
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8. Once you have added the property to the property node, right-click
the terminal to change the attributes of the property, or to add a control,
constant, or indicator.
9. To add another property to the property node, right-click an existing
property and left-click Add Element. To change the new property,
left-click it and select the property you wish to define. You can also
drag the bottom of the property node down to add more channels to the
node.
Note Refer to the LabVIEW Help for information about property nodes and specific
NI-DAQmx properties.
Synchronization and Triggering
If you have multiple NI PXI-4224 devices, you can synchronize them to
acquire samples at the same time and at the same rate. You can use multiple
NI PXI-4224 devices to acquire and analyze complex signals.
For multiple NI PXI-4224 devices to start an acquisition simultaneously,
they all must reference a common start trigger. To prevent drift over the
course of the acquisition, they must share a common timebase or sample
clock.
The NI PXI-4224 that generates the start trigger and the timebase for all of
the synchronized devices is called the master. The master NI PXI-4224
exports the shared timing signals through the PXI bus to the slave devices.
Each NI PXI-4224 contains a DAQ-STC chip that is capable of generating
a hardware sample clock based on its timebase clock and start trigger. This
causes the slave device to acquire samples at the same time as the master.
The preferred method of synchronization is to use a shared timebase, but it
the sample clock between them. This manual only discusses the shared
timebase method.
Synchronizing the NI PXI-4224
Figure 5-2 shows a typical program flowchart for synchronizing the sample
clocks and start triggers of two devices, taking a measurement, and clearing
the data.
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Create a Master Task
(optional)
Configure Slave Timing
Create Master
AI Voltage Channels
Set Slave to Use
Timebase from Master
Configure Master
Channel
Configure Slave Triggering
Start Slave Measurement(s)
Start Master Measurement
Read Measurement
Configure Master Timing
Get Master Timebase Source
and Rate from Master Task
Create a Slave Task
(optional)
Create Slave
AI Voltage Channels
Configure Slave
Yes
Channel
Continue Sampling?
No
Yes
More Slave Tasks?
Clear Master Task,
Clear Slave Task
No
Figure 5-2. General Synchronizing Flowchart
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Synchronizing the NI PXI-4224 Using LabVIEW
This section describes in more detail the steps shown in Figure 5-2, such
as how to create a task in LabVIEW and configure the channels of the
NI PXI-4224. For further instructions, select Help»VI, Function, &
How-To Help from the LabVIEW menu bar.
Note Except where otherwise stated, the VIs in Table 5-3 are located on the Functions»
All Functions»NI Measurements»DAQmx - Data Acquisition subpalette and
accompanying subpalettes in LabVIEW.
Table 5-3. Synchronizing the NI PXI-4224 Using LabVIEW
Flowchart Step
VI or Program Step
Create a Master Task
(optional)
DAQmx Create Task.vi—This VI is optional if you created
and configured your task using the DAQ Assistant. However, if
be saved to a task in MAX.
Create Master AI Voltage
Channels
DAQmx Create Virtual Channel.vi(AI Voltage by
default).
Configure Master Channels
Use a DAQmx Channel Property Node. Refer to the Using a
DAQmx Channel Property Node in LabVIEW section for more
information.
Configure Master Timing
DAQmx Timing.vi(Sample Clock by default).
Get Master Timebase Source
and Rate from Master Task
Use a DAQmx Timing Property Node to get
MasterTimebase.Srcand MasterTimebase.Rate.
Create a Slave Task
(optional)
DAQmx CreateTask.vi—This VI is optional if you created and
configured your task using the DAQ Assistant. However, if you
saved to a task in MAX.
Create Slave AI Voltage
Channels
DAQmx Create Virtual Channel.vi(AI Voltage by
default).
Configure Slave Channels
DAQmx Channel Property Node. Refer to the Using a DAQmx
Channel Property Node in LabVIEW section for more
information.
Configure Slave Timing
DAQmx Timing.vi(Sample Clock by default).
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Flowchart Step
VI or Program Step
Set Slave to Use Timebase
from Master
Use a DAQmx Timing Property Node to set
MasterTimebase.Srcand MasterTimebase.Rateto the
values retrieved from the master task in the Get Master Timebase
Source and Rate from Master Task step.
Configure Slave Triggering
DAQmx Trigger.vi(Start Digital Edge) use /MasterDevice/
ai/StartTriggeras the source, substituting the master device
identifier for MasterDevice.
Start Slave Measurement(s)
Start Master Measurement
Read Measurement
DAQmx Start Task.vi
DAQmx Start Task.vi
DAQmx Read.vi
Continue Sampling
For continuous sampling, use a While Loop. You also need to set
the sample mode to Continuous Samples in the Configure
Master Timing and Configure Slave Timing steps. To do this,
right-click the terminal of the DAQmx Timing.vilabeled
sample mode and click Create»Constant. Click the checkbox
and select Continuous Samples.
Clear Master Task
Clear Slave Task
DAQmx Clear Task.vi
DAQmx Clear Task.vi
Other Application Documentation and Material
The following locations provide more information that you may find useful
when setting up or connecting signal sources or programming your
application.
•
LabVIEW Example Programs, available by selecting Help»
Find Examples from the opening screen. Most of the examples
applicable to the NI PXI-4224 are located in Hardware Input and
Output»DAQmx»Analog Measurements and Hardware Input and
Output»DAQmx»Synchronization»Multi-Device.
•
•
PXI-4224 Supported Properties in the LabVIEW VI, Function,
& How-To Help.
Analog Signals available at ni.com/infousing the info code
rdfwn3.
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Calibrating the NI PXI-4224
Calibration refers to the process of minimizing measurement errors. On the
NI PXI-4224, errors from the digitizer components of the DAQ device
circuitry are corrected in the analog circuitry by onboard calibration
digital-to-analog converters (CalDACs). Errors from the signal
conditioning circuitry are corrected in software.
Three levels of calibration are available for the NI PXI-4224 to ensure
the accuracy of its analog circuitry. The first level, loading calibration
constants, is the fastest, easiest, and least accurate. The NI PXI-4224
automatically loads calibration constants stored in flash memory when
powered on. The intermediate level, internal calibration, is the preferred
method for assuring accuracy in your application. The last level, external
calibration, is the slowest, most difficult, and most accurate.
Loading Calibration Constants
The NI PXI-4224 is factory calibrated before shipment at approximately
23 °C to the levels indicated in Appendix A, Specifications. The associated
calibration constants are stored in the onboard nonvolatile flash memory.
These constants are the values that were written to the CalDACs to achieve
calibration in the factory and the remaining signal conditioning error.
The digitizer calibration constants are automatically read from the flash
memory and loaded into the CalDACs by the NI PXI-4224 hardware the
next time the device driver software is loaded. The signal conditioning
calibration constants are also read from the flash memory at this time.
Self-Calibration
The NI PXI-4224 can measure and correct for most of its offset errors
without any external signal connections. This calibration method is referred
to as internal calibration or self-calibration. This internal calibration
process, which generally takes less than two minutes, is the preferred
method for assuring accuracy in your application. Initiate an internal
calibration to minimize the effects of any offset drifts, particularly those
due to changes in temperature. To perform a self-calibration, complete the
following steps:
1. Double-click the Measurement & Automation Explorer icon on the
desktop.
2. Expand Devices and Interfaces to display the list of devices and
interfaces.
3. Expand NI-DAQmx Devices to display the list of NI-DAQmx devices.
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4. Right-click the NI PXI-4224 and select Self-Calibrate.
5. A dialog box opens indicating that the NI PXI-4224 is self-calibrating.
6. When the dialog box closes, the NI PXI-4224 is successfully
self-calibrated.
Note The NI PXI-4224 also can be self-calibrated programmatically by using DAQmx
Self Calibrate.viin LabVIEW.
The results of an internal calibration are stored in the NI PXI-4224 flash
calculated calibration constants the next time the NI PXI-4224 is
powered on.
Performing a self-calibration at the operating temperature of your
application will ensure the NI PXI-4224 meets the specifications in
Appendix A, Specifications.
External Calibration
You can download all available external calibration documents by going to
ni.com/calibrationand clicking Manual Calibration Procedures.
NI recommends you perform an external calibration once a year.
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A
Specifications
This appendix lists the specifications for the NI PXI-4224 device. These
specifications are typical at 25 °C unless otherwise noted.
Overvoltage Protection
Powered on or off................................... 42.4 Vpeak or 60 VDC max
PFI 0/CAL SMB connector.................... 15 V, powered on or off
Analog Input
Number of input channels...................... 8
Input range ............................................. 10 VDC
Resolution .............................................. 16 bits
Maximum sampling rate ........................ 200 kS/s aggregate multichannel
Table A-1. Maximum Sampling Rates
Number of
Channels
Sample Rate
333 kS/s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
100.0 kS/s/ch
66.6 kS/s/ch
50.0 kS/s/ch
40.0 kS/s/ch
33.3 kS/s/ch
28.5 kS/s/ch
25.0 kS/s/ch
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Appendix A
Specifications for
Input coupling.........................................DC
Bandwidth, –3 dB...................................15 kHz
Slew rate .................................................2 V/μs typical
Input impedance
Powered on......................................100 MΩ parallel 100 pF
Powered off .....................................30 kΩ
Input bias current....................................100 pA
CMRR
Balanced ..........................................120 dB at DC to 60 Hz
10 kΩ imbalanced............................85 dB at DC to 60 Hz;
65 dB at 60 Hz to 10 kHz
Crosstalk at 1 kHz
Adjacent channels............................–75 dB
All other channels............................–90 dB
Accuracy
Noise + Quantization
Absolute
(μV)
Temperature Drift
Accuracy
at Full
Scale
Nominal
Range
(V)
% of
Reading
1 Year
Offset
(μV)
Single
Pt.
Gain
Offset
Averaged
200
(%/°C)
(μV/°C)
(mV)
10 V
1 V
0.11
0.12
1730
176
6317
632
0.0025
0.0025
230
26
12.6
1.4
20.0
Note: Accuracies are valid for measurements following an internal calibration and with autozero enabled, and are listed for
operational temperatures within 1 °C of the internal calibration temperature and 10 °C of 23 °C. Averaged numbers
assume 1,000 single-channel readings.
Transfer Characteristics
Nonlinearity............................................0.02% FSR
No missing codes....................................16 bits, guaranteed
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Appendix A
Specifications for
Calibration
Recommended warm-up time ................ 30 minutes
External calibration interval................... 1 year
Pre-Calibration Errors1
Pre-calibration offset error
relative to input (RTI) ............................ 865 mV max
Signal conditioning
component only............................... 50 mV typ, 160 mV max
at a gain of 1
Pre-calibration gain error ....................... 18,900 ppm max
Signal conditioning
component only............................... 600 ppm typ, 1,000 ppm max
at a gain of 1
Memory
FIFO buffer size..................................... 512 samples
Data transfers ......................................... DMA, interrupts,
programmed I/O
DMA modes........................................... Scatter-gather (single transfer,
demand transfer)
Configuration memory size.................... 512 words
Digital Triggers
Number of triggers................................. 2
Purpose................................................... Start and stop trigger, gate, clock
Source..................................................... PFI 0/AI START TRIG
(front SMB connector),
PXI_TRIG<0..5> to PXI_Star
(PXI trigger bus)
Compatibility ......................................... 5 V/TTL
1
The pre-calibration errors apply only to users doing register level programming. Pre-calibration errors are not visible to
NI-DAQmx users.
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Appendix A
Specifications for
Response.................................................Rising or falling edge,
software programmable
Pulse width .............................................10 ns min
Impedance...............................................10 kΩ
Coupling .................................................DC
PXI Trigger Bus
Trigger lines............................................6
Star trigger ..............................................1
PCI Bus Interface
Master, slave
Power Requirements
2 A at +5 VDC ( 5%)
Physical
2.0 cm
(0.79 in.)
NI PXI-4224
Chan Isolation Amp
8
ACCESS
ACTIVE
PFI 0/
CAL
13.0 cm
(5.12 in.)
21.3 cm
(8.39 in.)
Figure A-1. PXI-4224 Dimensions
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Appendix A
Specifications for
Weight.................................................... 279 g (9.8 oz)
Analog input signal connector ............... 25-Pin D-SUB
Maximum Working Voltage
(Signal + common-mode) each input should remain within 42.4 Vpeak or
60 VDC of ground.
Maximum working voltage refers to the signal voltage plus the CMV.
Channel-to-earth (inputs) ....................... 42.4 Vpeak or 60 VDC,
Measurement Category I
Channel-to-channel (inputs)................... 42.4 Vpeak or 60 VDC,
Measurement Category I
Caution This device is rated for Measurement Category I and is intended to carry signal
voltages no greater than 42.4Vpeak or 60 VDC. Do not use this device for connection to
signals or for measurements within Categories II, III, or IV.
Isolation Voltages
Channel-to-channel, channel-to-earth isolation
Continuous...................................... 60 VDC,
Measurement Category I
Withstand........................................ 850 Vrms verified by a 5 s
dielectric withstand type test
Channel-to-bus
Continuous...................................... 60 VDC,
Measurement Category I
Withstand........................................ 1400 Vrms verified by a 5 s
dielectric withstand type test
Environmental
Operating temperature............................ 0 to 55 °C
Storage temperature ............................... –40 to 70 °C
Humidity ................................................ 10 to 90% RH, noncondensing
Maximum altitude.................................. 2,000 m
Pollution Degree (indoor use only)........ 2
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Appendix A
Specifications for
Safety
This product meets the requirements of the following standards of safety
for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use:
•
•
IEC 61010-1, EN 61010-1
UL 61010-1, CSA 61010-1
Note For UL and other safety certifications, refer to the product label or the Online
Product Certification section.
Electromagnetic Compatibility
This product meets the requirements of the following EMC standards for
electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use:
•
•
•
•
•
EN 61326 (IEC 61326): Class A emissions; Basic immunity
EN 55011 (CISPR 11): Group 1, Class A emissions
AS/NZS CISPR 11: Group 1, Class A emissions
FCC 47 CFR Part 15B: Class A emissions
ICES-001: Class A emissions
Note For the standards applied to assess the EMC of this product, refer to the Online
Product Certification section.
Note For EMC compliance, operate this product according to the documentation.
Note For EMC compliance, operate this device with shielded cables.
CE Compliance
This product meets the essential requirements of applicable European
Directives as follows:
•
•
2006/95/EC; Low-Voltage Directive (safety)
2004/108/EC; Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC)
Online Product Certification
Refer to the product Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for additional
regulatory compliance information. To obtain product certifications and
the DoC for this product, visit ni.com/certification, search by model
number or product line, and click the appropriate link in the Certification
column.
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Appendix A
Specifications for
Environmental Management
NI is committed to designing and manufacturing products in an
environmentally responsible manner. NI recognizes that eliminating
certain hazardous substances from our products is beneficial to the
environment and to NI customers.
For additional environmental information, refer to the NI and the
Environment Web page at ni.com/environment. This page contains the
environmental regulations and directives with which NI complies, as well
as other environmental information not included in this document.
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
EU Customers At the end of the life cycle, all products must be sent to a WEEE recycling
center. For more information about WEEE recycling centers and National Instruments
WEEE initiatives, visit ni.com/environment/weee.
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ࠊ ㅵ⧚ࡲ ⊩ ˄Ё ˅
RoHS
Ёᅶ᠋
݇Ѣ
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ࠊ Փ⫼ᶤѯ᳝ᆇ⠽䋼ᣛҸ DŽ
National Instruments
National Instruments
(RoHS)
Ё
ড়㾘ᗻֵᙃˈ䇋ⱏᔩ ni.com/environment/rohs_chinaDŽ
RoHS
ni.com/environment/rohs_china
(For information about China RoHS compliance, go to
.)
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
B
This appendix contains additional information about the timing signals
discussed in Chapter 4, Theory of Operation.
Connecting Timing Signals
Caution Exceeding the maximum input voltage ratings listed in Appendix A,
Specifications, can damage the device and the computer. NI is not liable for any damage
resulting from such signal connections.
Programmable Function Input Connections
You can externally control seven internal timing signals from PFI 0 and the
PXI trigger bus pins. The source for each of these signals is software
configurable from PFI 0, PXI_Trig<0..5>, or PXI_Star when you want
external control. This flexible routing scheme reduces the need to change
the physical wiring to the device I/O connector for applications requiring
alternative wiring.
As an input, each PFI signal can be individually configured for edge or level
detection and polarity selection. You can use the polarity selection for any
timing signal, but the edge or level detection depends on the particular
timing signal being controlled. The detection requirements for each timing
signal are listed in the corresponding sections.
In edge-detection mode, the minimum pulse width required is 10 ns. This
requirement applies for both rising-edge and falling-edge polarity settings.
There is no maximum pulse width requirement in edge-detection mode.
In level-detection mode, there are no pulse width requirements imposed by
the PFIs themselves. Limits can be imposed by the particular timing signal
being controlled. These requirements are listed in the sections that describe
the signals.
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Appendix B
Timing Signal Information
DAQ Timing Connections
The timing signals are AI START TRIG, AI REF TRIG, AI SAMP CLK,
AI CONV CLK, AI PAUSE TRIG, AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE, and
AI HOLD COMPLETE.
Posttriggered DAQ allows you to view data that is acquired after a trigger
event is received. Figure B-1 shows a typical posttriggered sequence.
AI START TRIG
AI SAMP CLK
AI CONV CLK
Scan Counter
4
3
2
1
0
Figure B-1. Typical Posttriggered Sequence
Pretriggered DAQ allows you to view data that is acquired before the
trigger of interest in addition to data acquired after the trigger. Figure B-2
shows a typical pretriggered sequence.
AI START TRIG
n/a
AI REF TRIG
AI SAMP CLK
AI CONV CLK
Scan Counter
3
2
1
0
2
2
2
1
0
Figure B-2. Typical Pretriggered Sequence
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Appendix B
Timing Signal Information
AI START TRIG Signal
The AI START TRIG signal can be input or output through PFI 0,
PXI_Trig<0..5>, or PXI_Star.
As an input, AI START TRIG is configured in the edge-detection mode.
You can select PFI 0 as the source for AI START TRIG and configure the
polarity selection for either rising or falling edge. The selected edge
of AI START TRIG starts the sequence for both posttriggered and
pretriggered acquisitions. Refer to Figures B-1 and B-2 for the relationship
of AI START TRIG to the sequence.
As an output, AI START TRIG reflects the action that initiates a sequence,
even if the acquisition is externally triggered by another PFI. The output is
an active high pulse with a pulse width of 50 to 100 ns. This output is set to
high-impedance at startup.
Figures B-3 and B-4 show the input and output timing requirements
for AI START TRIG.
tw
Rising-Edge
Polarity
Falling-Edge
Polarity
tw = 10 ns minimum
Figure B-3. AI START TRIG Input Signal Timing
tw
tw = 50 to 100 ns
Figure B-4. AI START TRIG Output Signal Timing
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Appendix B
Timing Signal Information
The device also uses AI START TRIG to initiate pretriggered operations.
In pretriggered applications, AI START TRIG is generated by a software
trigger unless a PFI pin is selected as the source of AI START TRIG. Refer
AI START TRIG and AI REF TRIG in a pretriggered operation.
AI REF TRIG Signal
The AI REF TRIG signal can be input through PFI 0, PXI_Trig<0..5>, or
PXI_Star. Refer to Figure B-2 for the relationship of AI REF TRIG to the
sequence.
As an input, AI REF TRIG is configured in edge-detection mode. You can
configure the polarity selection for either rising or falling edge. The
selected edge of AI REF TRIG initiates the posttriggered phase of a
pretriggered sequence. In pretriggered mode, the AI START TRIG signal
initiates the acquisition. The scan counter (SC) indicates the minimum
number of scans before AI REF TRIG is recognized. After the SC
decrements to zero, it is loaded with the number of posttrigger scans to
acquire while the acquisition continues. The device ignores AI REF TRIG
if it is asserted prior to the SC decrementing to zero. After the selected edge
of AI REF TRIG is received, the device acquires a fixed number of scans
and the acquisition stops. In pretriggered mode, the device acquires data
both before and after receiving AI REF TRIG.
sequence, even if the acquisition is externally triggered by another PFI.
AI REF TRIG is not used in posttriggered DAQ. The output is an active
high pulse with a pulse width of 50 to 100 ns. This output is set to
high-impedance at startup.
Figures B-5 and B-6 show the input and output timing requirements
for AI REF TRIG.
tw
Rising-Edge
Polarity
Falling-Edge
Polarity
tw = 10 ns minimum
Figure B-5. AI REF TRIG Input Signal Timing
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Appendix B
Timing Signal Information
tw
tw = 50 to 100 ns
AI SAMP CLK Signal
The AI SAMP CLK signal can be externally input from PFI 0,
PXI_Trig<0..5>, or PXI_Star. It can be output on any PXI trigger bus line.
Refer to Figures B-1 and B-2 for the relationship of AI SAMP CLK to the
sequence.
As an input, AI SAMP CLK is configured in edge-detection mode. You can
configure the polarity selection for either rising or falling edge. The
selected edge of AI SAMP CLK initiates a scan. The SI2 counter starts if
you select an internally triggered AI CONV CLK.
As an output, AI SAMP CLK reflects the actual start pulse that initiates
a scan, even if the starts are externally triggered by another PFI or
PXI_Trig<0..5>. Two output options are available. The first option is an
active high pulse with a pulse width of 50 to 100 ns, which indicates the
start of the scan. The second option is an active high pulse that terminates
at the start of the last conversion in the scan, which indicates a scan in
progress. AI SAMP CLK is deasserted, toff, after the last conversion in the
scan is initiated. This output is set to high-impedance at startup.
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Appendix B
Timing Signal Information
Figures B-7 and B-8 show the input and output timing requirements
for AI SAMP CLK.
tw
Rising-Edge
Polarity
Falling-Edge
Polarity
tw = 10 ns minimum
Figure B-7. AI SAMP CLK Input Signal Timing
tw
AI SAMP CLK
tw = 50 to 100 ns
a. Start of Scan
Start Pulse
AI CONV REF
AI SAMP CLK
toff = 10 ns minimum
toff
b. Scan in Progress, Two Conversions per Scan
Figure B-8. AI SAMP CLK Output Signal Timing
The AI CONV CLK pulses are masked off until the device generates
AI SAMP CLK. If you use internally generated conversions, the first
AI CONV CLK appears when the onboard SI2 counter reaches zero.
If you select an external AI CONV CLK, the first external pulse after
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Appendix B
Timing Signal Information
AI SAMP CLK generates a conversion. Separate the AI SAMP CLK
pulses by at least one scan period.
A counter on the device internally generates AI SAMP CLK unless you
select some external source. The AI START TRIG signal starts this
counter, and the application software or the sample counter stops it.
Scans generated by either an internal or external AI SAMP CLK are
inhibited unless they occur within a sequence. Scans occurring within
a sequence can be gated by either the hardware AI PAUSE TRIG signal or
the software command register gate.
AI CONV CLK Signal
PFI 0, PXI_Trig<0..5>, or PXI_Star can externally input the
AI CONV CLK signal, which is also available as an output on
PXI_Trig<0..5> or PXI_Star.
Refer to Figures B-1 and B-2 for the relationship of AI CONV CLK to
the sequence.
As an input, AI CONV CLK is configured in edge-detection mode.
You can configure the polarity selection for either rising or falling edge.
The selected edge of AI CONV CLK initiates an A/D conversion.
As an output, AI CONV CLK reflects the actual convert pulse that
connects to the ADC, even if the conversions are externally generated
by another PFI. The output is an active low pulse with a pulse width of
50 to 100 ns. This output is set to high-impedance at startup.
Figures B-9 and B-10 show the input and output timing requirements
for AI CONV CLK.
tw
Rising-Edge
Polarity
Falling-Edge
Polarity
tw = 10 ns minimum
Figure B-9. AI CONV CLK Input Signal Timing
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Appendix B
Timing Signal Information
tw
tw = 50 to 100 ns
Figure B-10. AI CONV CLK Output Signal Timing
The ADC switches to hold mode within 60 ns of the selected edge. This
hold-mode delay time is a function of temperature and does not vary from
one conversion to the next. Separate the AI CONV CLK pulses by at least
one conversion period.
The NI PXI-4224 sample interval counter generates AI CONV CLK
unless you select an external source. The AI SAMP CLK signal starts the
counter, which counts down and reloads itself until the scan finishes. The
counter then reloads itself in preparation for the next AI SAMP CLK pulse.
A/D conversions generated by an internal or external AI CONV CLK
signal are inhibited unless they occur within a sequence. Scans occurring
within a sequence can be gated by either the hardware AI PAUSE TRIG
signal or the software command register gate.
AI PAUSE TRIG Signal
PFI 0, PXI_Trig<0..5>, or PXI_Star can externally input the
AI PAUSE TRIG signal, which is not available as an output on the
I/O connector. AI PAUSE TRIG can mask off scans in a sequence.
You can configure the pin you select as the source for AI PAUSE TRIG in
level-detection mode. You can configure the polarity selection for the pin
as either active high or active low.
In level-detection mode, the AI SAMP CLK signal is masked off and no
scans can occur.
AI PAUSE TRIG can neither stop a scan in progress nor continue a
previously gated-off scan. In other words, once a scan has started,
AI PAUSE TRIG does not gate off conversions until the beginning of the
next scan. Conversely, if conversions are gated off, AI PAUSE TRIG does
not gate them back on until the beginning of the next scan.
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Appendix B
Timing Signal Information
AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE Signal
PFI 0, PXI_Trig<0..5>, or PXI_Star can externally input the
AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE signal, which is not available as an output
on the I/O connector. The onboard scan interval (SI) counter uses
AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE as a clock to time the generation of the
AI SAMP CLK signal. Configure the pin you select as the source for
AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE in level-detection mode. Configure
the polarity selection for the pin for either active high or active low.
The maximum allowed frequency is 20 MHz, with a minimum pulse width
of 23 ns high or low. There is no minimum frequency.
Either the 20 MHz or 100 kHz internal timebase generates
AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE unless you select an external source.
Figure B-11 shows the timing requirements for
AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE.
tp
tw
tw
tp = 50 ns minimum
tw = 23 ns minimum
Figure B-11. AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE Signal Timing
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Appendix B
Timing Signal Information
AI HOLD COMPLETE Signal
the leading edge occurring approximately 50 to 100 ns after an A/D
conversion begins. The polarity of this output is software configurable, but
the polarity is typically configured so that a low-to-high leading edge can
clock external analog input multiplexers that indicate when the input signal
has been sampled and can be removed. This signal has a 400 to 500 ns pulse
width and is software enabled. Figure B-12 shows the timing for
AI HOLD COMPLETE.
Note The polarity of AI HOLD COMPLETE is not software selectable when
programmed using NI-DAQmx. It is a positive polarity pulse.
AI CONV CLK
td
tw
AI HOLD COMPLETE
td = 50 to 100 ns
tw = 400 to 500 ns
Figure B-12. AI HOLD COMPLETE Signal Timing
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C
Removing the NI PXI-4224
This appendix provides details for removing an NI PXI-4224 device from
MAX and from a PXI or PXI/SCXI combination chassis.
Note You must physically remove the NI PXI-4224 from the chassis before you can
remove it from MAX.
Removing the NI PXI-4224 from a PXI or PXI/SCXI
Combination Chassis
Consult the PXI or PXI/SCXI chassis documentation for additional
instructions and cautions. To remove the NI PXI-4224 device from a PXI
or PXI/SCXI chassis, complete the following steps while referring to
Figure C-1:
1. Power off the PXI chassis. Do not remove the NI PXI-4224 device
from a chassis that is powered on. If the you are using a PXI/SCXI
combination chassis, also power off the SCXI portion of the chassis.
2. Rotate the mounting screws that secure the NI PXI-4224 to the chassis
counter-clockwise until they are loose, but do not completely remove
the screws.
3. Remove the NI PXI-4224 by pushing down steadily on the
injector/ejector handle until the device disengages from the chassis.
4. Slide the device completely out.
The next time you restart the computer the NI PXI-4224 will have a red
circle with a white X inside it next to the device in MAX.
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Appendix C
Removing the NI PXI-4224
Figure C-1. Injector/Ejector Handle Position Before Device Removal
Removing the NI PXI-4224 from MAX
To remove an NI PXI-4224 device from MAX, complete the following
steps after launching MAX:
1. Expand Devices and Interfaces to display the list of installed devices
and interfaces. The NI PXI-4224 should have a red circle with a white
X inside it next to the device to indicate it has been physically removed
from the chassis.
2. Right-click the NI PXI-4224 and click Delete.
3. You are presented with a confirmation window. Click Yes to continue
deleting the device or No to cancel this action.
The NI PXI-4224 is now removed from the list of installed devices
in MAX.
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D
Common Questions
This appendix lists common questions related to the use of the
NI PXI-4224.
Which version of NI-DAQ works with the NI PXI-4224 and how do
I get the most current version of NI-DAQ?
You must have NI-DAQ 7.3.1 or later and use NI-DAQmx.
1. Go to ni.com.
2. Follow the link, Download Software»Drivers and Updates»
Search Drivers and Updates.
3. Enter the keyword NI-DAQto find the latest version of NI-DAQ for
your operating system.
Does the NI PXI-4224 have hardware analog triggering?
No.
Is the NI PXI-4224 an isolated device?
Yes, the NI PXI-4224 provides true channel-to-channel and
channel-to-chassis isolation.
When no signal is connected to the NI PXI-4224, what behavior should
I expect?
condition variables, in most cases, a channel drifts to one extreme output.
To prevent this behavior short the inputs to unused channels.
How do I program the NI PXI-4224?
Refer to Chapter 4, Theory of Operation, or your ADE help file for
application programming information. There is no register-level
programming manual available for the NI PXI-4224.
© National Instruments Corporation
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NI PXI-4224 User Manual
Appendix D
Common Questions
How do I perform an external calibration of the NI PXI-4224?
As of the NI PXI-4224 release, an external calibration document is not
available. To check the availability of an NI PXI-4224 external calibration
document is go to ni.com/calibrationand click Manual Calibration
Procedures.
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Glossary
Symbol
Prefix
pico
Value
10–12
10–9
10– 6
10–3
103
p
n
nano
micro
milli
kilo
μ
m
k
M
G
T
mega
giga
106
109
tera
1012
Symbols
/
Per.
°
Degree.
%
+
–
Percent.
Positive of, or plus.
Negative of, or minus.
Ohm.
Ω
A
A
Amperes.
A/D
AC
Analog-to-digital.
Alternating current.
© National Instruments Corporation
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Glossary
ADC
Analog-to-digital converter—An electronic device, often an integrated
circuit, that converts an analog voltage to a digital number.
ADE
Application development environment.
Analog input.
AI
AI CONV CLK
Convert signal.
AI HOLD COMPLETE Scan clock signal.
AI PAUSE TRIG
AI SAMP CLK
Analog input gate signal.
Start scan signal.
B
bandwidth
The range of frequencies present in a signal, or the range of frequencies to
which a measuring device can respond.
bipolar
A signal range that includes both positive and negative values (for example,
–5 to +5 V).
breakdown voltage
bus
The voltage high enough to cause breakdown of optical isolation,
semiconductors, or dielectric materials. See also working voltage.
The group of conductors that interconnect individual circuitry in a
computer. Typically, a bus is the expansion vehicle to which I/O or other
devices are connected. An example of a PC bus is the PCI bus.
C
C
Celsius.
CalDAC
CH
Calibration DAC.
Channel—Pin or wire lead to which you apply or from which you read the
analog or digital signal. Analog signals can be single-ended or differential.
For digital signals, you group channels to form ports. Ports usually consist
of either four or eight digital channels.
channel clock
The clock controlling the time interval between individual channel
sampling within a scan.
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Glossary
CMR
Common-mode rejection.
CMRR
Common-mode rejection ratio—A measure of an instrument’s ability to
reject interference from a common-mode signal, usually expressed in
decibels (dB).
common-mode signal
counter/timer
Any voltage present at the instrumentation amplifier inputs with respect to
amplifier ground.
A circuit that counts external pulses or clock pulses (timing).
D
D/A
Digital-to-analog.
D GND
DAC
Digital ground signal.
Digital-to-analog converter—An electronic device, often an integrated
circuit, that converts a digital number into a corresponding analog voltage
or current.
DAQ
Data acquisition—(1) Collecting and measuring electrical signals from
sensors, transducers, and test probes or fixtures and inputting them to a
computer for processing; (2) collecting and measuring the same kinds of
electrical signals with A/D and/or DIO devices plugged into a computer,
and possibly generating control signals with D/A and/or DIO devices in the
same computer.
DAQ Assistant
A configuration assistant with which you define and configure your DAQ
operation.
DAQ-STC
dB
Data acquisition system timing controller chip.
Decibel—The unit for expressing a logarithmic measure of the ratio of
two signal levels: dB = 20log10(V1/V2), for signals in volts.
DC
Direct current.
differential input
An analog input consisting of two terminals, both of which are isolated
from computer ground, the difference of which is measured.
DIO
Digital input/output.
dithering
The addition of Gaussian noise to an analog input signal.
© National Instruments Corporation
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Glossary
DMA
Direct memory access—A method by which data can be transferred
to/from computer memory from/to a device or memory on the bus while the
processor does something else. DMA is the fastest method of transferring
data to/from computer memory.
DNL
Differential nonlinearity—A measure in least significant bit of the
worst-case deviation of code widths from their ideal value of 1 LSB.
driver
Software that controls a specific hardware device such as a DAQ device.
E
EEPROM
Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory—ROM that can be
erased with an electrical signal and reprogrammed.
EMC
EMI
Electromagnetic compatibility.
Electromagnetic interference—Defines unwanted electromagnetic
radiation from a device, which could interfere with desired signals in test
or communication equipment.
ESD
Electrostatic discharge.
F
FIFO
First-in first-out memory buffer.
floating signal sources
Signal sources with voltage signals that are not connected to an absolute
reference or system ground. Also called nonreferenced signal sources.
Some common example of floating signal sources are batteries,
transformers, or thermocouples.
G
g
Gram or grams.
gain
The factor by which a signal is amplified, sometimes expressed in decibels.
A measure of deviation of the gain of an amplifier from the ideal gain.
gain accuracy
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Glossary
H
h
Hour or hours.
Hz
Hertz—The number of scans read or updates written per second.
I
I/O
Input/output—The transfer of data to/from a computer system involving
communications channels, operator interface devices, and/or DAQ and
control interfaces.
in.
Inch or inches.
INL
Integral nonlinearity—A measure in LSB of the worst-case deviation from
the ideal A/D or D/A transfer characteristic of the analog I/O circuitry.
input bias current
input impedance
input offset current
The current that flows into the inputs of a circuit.
The resistance and capacitance between the input terminals of a circuit.
The difference in the input bias currents of the two inputs of an
instrumentation amplifier.
instrumentation
amplifier
A circuit whose output voltage with respect to ground is proportional to the
difference between the voltages at its two high impedance inputs.
interchannel delay
Amount of time that passes between sampling consecutive channels.
The interchannel delay must be short enough to allow sampling of all
the channels in the channel list, within the scan interval. The greater the
interchannel delay, the more time the PGA is allowed to settle before
the next channel is sampled. The interchannel delay is regulated by
AI CONV CLK.
K
k
Kilo—The standard metric prefix for 1,000, or 103, used with units of
measure such as volts, hertz, and meters.
kS
1,000 samples.
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Glossary
L
LabVIEW
Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench—A program
development application based on the programming language G and
used commonly for test and measurement purposes.
LED
Light-emitting diode.
linearity
The adherence of device response to the equation R = KS, where
R = response, S = stimulus, and K = a constant.
LSB
Least significant bit.
M
MAX
Measurement & Automation Explorer—NI software for configuring
devices and channels.
maximum working
voltage
The highest voltage with respect to ground that should be applied to an
input terminal during normal use, normally well under the breakdown
voltage for safety margin. Includes both the signal and common-mode
voltages.
MITE
MXI Interface to Everything—A custom ASIC designed by NI that
implements the PCI bus interface. The MITE supports bus mastering
for high-speed data transfers over the PCI bus.
MSB
mux
Most significant bit.
Multiplexer—A switching device with multiple inputs that sequentially
connects each of its inputs to its output, typically at high speeds, in order
to measure several signals with a single analog input channel.
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Glossary
N
NI-DAQmx
The latest NI-DAQ driver with new VIs, functions, and development tools
for controlling measurement devices.
noise
An undesirable electrical signal—Noise comes from external sources such
as the AC power line, motors, generators, transformers, fluorescent lights,
soldering irons, CRT displays, computers, electrical storms, welders, radio
transmitters, and internal sources such as semiconductors, resistors, and
capacitors. Noise corrupts signals you are trying to send or receive.
normal mode
voltage
Voltage that occurs in the case of interference between two conductors of a
circuit.
O
OUT
Output pin—A counter output pin where the counter can generate various
TTL pulse waveforms.
P
PCI
PFI
PGA
port
Peripheral component interconnect.
Programmable function input.
Programmable gain amplifier.
(1) A communications connection on a computer or a remote controller;
(2) a digital port, consisting of four or eight lines of digital input and/or
output.
ppm
PXI
Parts per million.
PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation—An open specification that builds on
the CompactPCI specification by adding instrumentation-specific features.
PXI trigger bus
The timing bus that connects PXI DAQ devices directly, by means of
connectors built into the backplane of the PXI chassis, for precise
synchronization of functions. This bus is functionally equivalent to the
RTSI bus for PCI DAQ devices.
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Glossary
R
relative accuracy
A measure in LSB of the accuracy of an ADC. It includes all nonlinearity
and quantization errors. It does not include offset and gain errors of the
circuitry feeding the ADC.
resolution
The smallest signal increment that can be detected by a measurement
system. Resolution can be expressed in bits, in proportions, or in percent
of full scale. For example, a system has 16-bit resolution, one part in
65,536 resolution, and 0.0015% of full scale.
rms
Root mean square—The square root of the average value of the square of
the instantaneous signal amplitude; a measure of signal amplitude.
RTSI bus
Real-time system integration bus—The NI timing bus that connects DAQ
devices directly, for precise synchronization of functions.
S
s
Second or seconds.
Sample or samples.
S
S/s
Samples per second—Used to express the rate at which a DAQ device
samples an analog signal.
sample counter
scan
The clock that counts the output of the channel clock, in other words,
the number of samples taken.
One or more analog or digital input samples. Typically, the number of input
samples in a scan is equal to the number of channels in the input group. For
example, one pulse from the scan clock produces one scan which acquires
one new sample from every analog input channel in the group.
scan clock
The clock controlling the time interval between scans.
scan interval
Controls how often a scan is initialized. The scan interval is regulated by
AI SAMP CLK.
scan rate
Reciprocal of the scan interval.
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Glossary
SCXI
Signal Conditioning eXtensions for Instrumentation—The NI product line
for conditioning low-level signals within an external chassis near sensors
so only high-level signals are sent to DAQ devices in the noisy PC
environment.
self-calibrating
A property of a DAQ device that has an extremely stable onboard reference
and calibrates its own A/D and D/A circuits without manual adjustments by
the user.
signal conditioning
software trigger
STC
The manipulation of signals to prepare them for digitizing.
A programmed event that triggers an event such as DAQ.
System timing controller.
T
TRIG
trigger
TTL
Trigger signal.
Any event that causes or starts some form of data capture.
Transistor-transistor logic—A digital circuit composed of bipolar
transistors wired in a certain manner.
V
V
Volt or volts.
VDC
VI
Volts direct current.
Virtual instrument—(1) A combination of hardware and/or software
elements, typically used with a PC, that has the functionality of a classic
stand-alone instrument; (2) a LabVIEW software device (VI), which
consists of a front panel user interface and a block diagram program.
VMEAS
Vrms
Measured voltage.
Volts, root mean square.
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Glossary
W
waveform
Multiple voltage readings taken at a specific sampling rate.
working voltage
The highest voltage with respect to ground that should be applied to an
input terminal during normal use, normally well under the breakdown
voltage for safety margin. Includes both the signal and common-mode
voltages.
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Index
connections, 2-3
(recommended) (figure), 2-12
shielded, 2-12
specifications, A-1
application development
acquiring data, 5-5
A
AI CONV CLK signal
input signal timing (figure), B-7
output signal timing (figure), B-8
overview, B-7
signal routing (figure), 4-6
AI HOLD COMPLETE signal
description (table), 4-9
adjusting timing and triggering, 5-3
analyzing data, 5-5
clearing tasks and memory, 5-5
configuring channel properties, 5-4
creating tasks
programmatically, 5-3
using DAQ Assistant, 5-3
documentation, 5-11
example programs (note), 5-1
presenting data, 5-5
synchronizing multiple devices
overview, 5-8
program flow chart (figure), 5-9
using LabVIEW, 5-10
typical program flow chart, 5-1
overview, B-10
signal timing (figure), B-10
AI PAUSE TRIG signal
description (table), 4-9
overview, B-8
AI REF TRIG signal
input signal timing (figure), B-4
output signal timing (figure), B-5
overview, B-4
AI SAMP CLK signal
input signal timing (figure), B-6
output signal timing (figure), B-6
overview, B-5
AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE signal
description (table), 4-9
overview, B-9
DAQmx Channel Property Node, 5-7
steps (table), 5-6
signal timing (figure), B-9
AI START TRIG signal
description (table), 4-9
input signal timing (figure), B-3
output signal timing (figure), B-3
overview, B-3
B
block diagram of the NI PXI-4224, 4-2
AI.AutoZeroMode property (table), 5-4
AI.Coupling property (table), 5-4
C
calibration
external calibration, 5-13
loading calibration constants, 5-12
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Index
pre-calibration errors, A-3
self-calibration, 5-12
specifications, A-3
AI REF TRIG signal
input signal timing (figure), B-4
output signal timing (figure), B-5
overview, B-4
CE compliance specifications, A-6
channel properties, configuring
in application development (table), 5-4
in LabVIEW, 5-7
AI SAMP CLK signal
input signal timing (figure), B-6
output signal timing (figure), B-6
overview, B-5
clocks, PXI, 4-7
See also DAQ timing connections
See also PXI trigger bus
common questions, D-1
common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), 4-4
configuring
AI SAMPLE CLK TIMEBASE signal
description (table), 4-9
overview, B-9
signal timing (figure), B-9
AI START TRIG signal
description (table), 4-9
output signal timing (figure), B-3
overview, B-3
(table), 5-4
in LabVIEW, 5-7
NI PXI-4224
posttriggered sequence (figure), B-2
(figure), B-2
in MAX, 3-2
connecting signals. See signal connections
conventions used in the manual, iv
(figure), B-2
DAQmx Channel Property Node, using in
LabVIEW, 5-7
developing applications. See application
development
D
DAQ Assistant, 5-3
device and PXI clocks, 4-7
digital trigger specifications, A-3
documentation
DAQ timing connections
AI CONV CLK signal
input signal timing (figure), B-7
output signal timing (figure), B-8
overview, B-7
application development, 5-11
conventions used in the manual, iv
National Instruments documentation, 1-3
signal routing (figure), 4-6
AI HOLD COMPLETE signal
description (table), 4-9
overview, B-10
signal timing (figure), B-10
description (table), 4-9
overview, B-8
E
effective CMR, 4-5
electromagnetic compatibility
specifications, A-6
environmental specifications, A-5
external calibration, 5-13, D-2
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F
floating signal source connection
connecting to NI PXI-4224, 2-11
front signal connector, 2-1
Explorer (MAX)
maximum working voltage specifications, A-5
Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX)
configuring NI PXI-4224, 3-1
creating voltage task or global
front label of NI PXI-4224 (figure), 2-3
signal assignments of NI PXI-4224
removing NI PXI-4224, C-2
verifying
G
global channel
installation, 3-1
creating, 3-2
verifying, 3-3
Channel, 3-3
ground-referenced signal connection
signal connections, 3-1
common-mode rejection ratio, 4-4
effective CMR, 4-5
input impedance, 4-3
memory specifications, A-3
H
hardware overview
timing signal routing
National Instruments ADE software, 5-1
I
See also installation
injector/ejector handle position (figure), C-2
input impedance, 4-3
Input Multiplexer (figure), 4-6
installation
See also specifications
block diagram of NI PXI-4224, 4-2
calibrating, 5-12
configuring, 5-4
hardware, 1-4
documentation, 1-3
software, 1-3
overview, 1-1
software
L
software, 1-3
LabVIEW software
application development, 5-5
DAQmx Channel Property Node, 5-7
programming a task in LabVIEW
(table), 5-6
NI-DAQ, 1-3
theory of operation, 4-1
block diagram of NI PXI-4224, 4-2
device and PXI clocks, 4-7
measurement considerations, 4-3
programmable function inputs, 4-6
synchronizing multiple devices, 5-8
LED pattern descriptions, 1-4
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Index
NI-DAQ software, 1-3, D-1
NI-DAQmx channel properties, configuring
(table), 5-4
NI-DAQmx Global Channel
creating, 3-2
verifying and self-testing, 3-3
NI-DAQmx Task
questions and answers, D-1
regulatory compliance specifications, A-6
removing NI PXI-4224
from Measurement & Automation
Explorer (MAX), C-2
from PXI chassis, C-1
creating, 3-2
verifying and self-testing, 3-2
S
O
self-test verification
measuring signal connections, 3-1
voltage task or global channel, 3-2
connection, 2-12
P
PCI bus interface, A-4
PFI 0/CAL SMB connector, 4-6, B-1
PFIs. See programmable function inputs
physical specifications, A-4
posttriggered data acquisition
overview, B-2
analog input connections, 2-3
connection, 2-11
typical acquisition (figure), B-2
power requirement specifications, A-4
pretriggered acquisition
overview, B-2
front signal connector, 2-1
timing connections
typical acquisition (figure), B-2
programmable function inputs
description, B-1
programmable function input
overview, 4-6
considerations
SMB connector, 2-1
PFI 0/CAL SMB connector, 4-6
software
programming. See application development
PXI Star Trigger controller, 4-7
PXI trigger bus
overview, 4-5
signal connection (figure), 4-8
specifications, A-4
timebase signal, 4-7
installation, 1-3
National Instruments ADE software, 1-3
NI-DAQ, 1-3
timing signals (table), 4-9
version required, D-1
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Index
specifications
analog input, A-1
timing connections
DAQ timing connections
calibration, A-3
(figure), B-2
CE compliance, A-6
overview, B-1
digital triggers, A-3
electromagnetic compatibility, A-6
environmental, A-5
connections, B-1
timing signal routing
maximum working voltage, A-5
memory, A-3
overvoltage protection, A-1
PCI bus interface, A-4
physical, A-4
power requirements, A-4
PXI trigger bus, A-4
regulatory compliance, A-6
safety, A-6
device and PXI clocks, 4-7
programmable function inputs, 4-6, B-1
transfer characteristic specifications, A-2
triggering
See also synchronization and triggering
digital trigger specifications, A-3
hardware analog triggering, D-1
troubleshooting, common questions and
transfer characteristics, A-2
Star Trigger controller, 4-7
synchronization and triggering
overview, 5-8
program flow chart (figure), 5-9
using LabVIEW, 5-10
voltage
T
maximum working voltage, A-5
overvoltage protection, A-1
voltage task
theory of operation
See also NI PXI-4224
creating, 3-2
verifying, 3-3
block diagram of NI PXI-4224, 4-2
timing and control overview, 4-5
timing and triggering, in application
development, 5-3
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